java.sql

Provides the API for accessing and processing data stored in a data source (usually a relational database) using the Java ^TM programming language. This API includes a framework whereby different drivers can be installed dynamically to access different data sources. Although the JDBC ^TM API is mainly geared to passing SQL statements to a database, it provides for reading and writing data from any data source with a tabular format. The reader/writer facility, available through the javax.sql.RowSet group of interfaces, can be customized to use and update data from a spread sheet, flat file, or any other tabular data source.

What the JDBC^TM 4.1 API Includes

The JDBC ^TM 4.1 API includes both the java.sql package, referred to as the JDBC core API, and the javax.sql package, referred to as the JDBC Optional Package API. This complete JDBC API is included in the Java ^TM Standard Edition (Java SE ^TM), version 7. The javax.sql package extends the functionality of the JDBC API from a client-side API to a server-side API, and it is an essential part of the Java ^TM Enterprise Edition (Java EE ^TM) technology.

Versions

The JDBC 4.1 API incorporates all of the previous JDBC API versions:

• The JDBC 4.0 API
• The JDBC 3.0 API
• The JDBC 2.1 core API
• The JDBC 2.0 Optional Package API
  (Note that the JDBC 2.1 core API and the JDBC 2.0 Optional Package API together are referred to as the JDBC 2.0 API.)
• The JDBC 1.2 API
• The JDBC 1.0 API

类，接口，方法，字段，构造函数和异常具有以下“since”标记，用于指示它们何时引入到Java平台中。 当这些“since”标签用于JDBC API的Javadoc ^TM注释中时，它们表示如下：

• Since 1.7 -- new in the JDBC 4.1 API and part of the Java SE platform, version 7
• Since 1.6 -- new in the JDBC 4.0 API and part of the Java SE platform, version 6
• Since 1.4 -- new in the JDBC 3.0 API and part of the J2SE platform, version 1.4
• Since 1.2 -- new in the JDBC 2.0 API and part of the J2SE platform, version 1.2
• Since 1.1 or no "since" tag -- in the original JDBC 1.0 API and part of the JDK^TM, version 1.1

注意：许多新功能都是可选的; 因此，司机和他们支持的功能有一些变化。 在尝试使用它之前，请务必检查您的驱动程序的文档以查看它是否支持某项功能。

注意：类SQLPermission已添加到Java ^TM 2 SDK标准版1.3版中。 该类用于防止未经授权访问与DriverManager关联的日志流，该日志流可能包含诸如表名，列数据等信息。

What the java.sql Package Contains

The java.sql package contains API for the following:

• Making a connection with a database via the DriverManager facility
  • DriverManager class -- makes a connection with a driver
  • SQLPermission class -- provides permission when code running within a Security Manager, such as an applet, attempts to set up a logging stream through the DriverManager
  • Driver interface -- provides the API for registering and connecting drivers based on JDBC technology ("JDBC drivers"); generally used only by the DriverManager class
  • DriverPropertyInfo class -- provides properties for a JDBC driver; not used by the general user
• Sending SQL statements to a database
  • Statement -- used to send basic SQL statements
  • PreparedStatement -- used to send prepared statements or basic SQL statements (derived from Statement)
  • CallableStatement -- used to call database stored procedures (derived from PreparedStatement)
  • Connection interface -- provides methods for creating statements and managing connections and their properties
  • Savepoint -- provides savepoints in a transaction
• Retrieving and updating the results of a query
  • ResultSet interface
• Standard mappings for SQL types to classes and interfaces in the Java programming language
  • Array interface -- mapping for SQL ARRAY
  • Blob interface -- mapping for SQL BLOB
  • Clob interface -- mapping for SQL CLOB
  • Date class -- mapping for SQL DATE
  • NClob interface -- mapping for SQL NCLOB
  • Ref interface -- mapping for SQL REF
  • RowId interface -- mapping for SQL ROWID
  • Struct interface -- mapping for SQL STRUCT
  • SQLXML interface -- mapping for SQL XML
  • Time class -- mapping for SQL TIME
  • Timestamp class -- mapping for SQL TIMESTAMP
  • Types class -- provides constants for SQL types
• Custom mapping an SQL user-defined type (UDT) to a class in the Java programming language
  • SQLData interface -- specifies the mapping of a UDT to an instance of this class
  • SQLInput interface -- provides methods for reading UDT attributes from a stream
  • SQLOutput interface -- provides methods for writing UDT attributes back to a stream
• Metadata
  • DatabaseMetaData interface -- provides information about the database
  • ResultSetMetaData interface -- provides information about the columns of a ResultSet object
  • ParameterMetaData interface -- provides information about the parameters to PreparedStatement commands
• Exceptions
  • SQLException -- thrown by most methods when there is a problem accessing data and by some methods for other reasons
  • SQLWarning -- thrown to indicate a warning
  • DataTruncation -- thrown to indicate that data may have been truncated
  • BatchUpdateException -- thrown to indicate that not all commands in a batch update executed successfully

java.sql and javax.sql Features Introduced in the JDBC 4.1 API

• Allow Connection, ResultSet and Statement objects to be used with the try-with-resources statement
• Supported added to CallableStatement and ResultSet to specify the Java type to convert to via the getObject method
• DatabaseMetaData methods to return PseudoColumns and if a generated key is always returned
• Added support to Connection to specify a database schema, abort and timeout a physical connection.
• Added support to close a Statement object when its dependent objects have been closed
• Support for obtaining the parent logger for a Driver, DataSource, ConnectionPoolDataSource and XADataSource

java.sql and javax.sql Features Introduced in the JDBC 4.0 API

• auto java.sql.Driver discovery -- no longer need to load a java.sql.Driver class via Class.forName
• National Character Set support added
• Support added for the SQL:2003 XML data type
• SQLException enhancements -- Added support for cause chaining; New SQLExceptions added for common SQLState class value codes
• Enhanced Blob/Clob functionality -- Support provided to create and free a Blob/Clob instance as well as additional methods added to improve accessiblity
• Support added for accessing a SQL ROWID
• Support added to allow a JDBC application to access an instance of a JDBC resource that has been wrapped by a vendor, usually in an application server or connection pooling environment.
• Availability to be notified when a PreparedStatement that is associated with a PooledConnection has been closed or the driver determines is invalid

java.sql and javax.sql Features Introduced in the JDBC 3.0 API

• Pooled statements -- reuse of statements associated with a pooled connection
• Savepoints -- allow a transaction to be rolled back to a designated savepoint
• Properties defined for ConnectionPoolDataSource -- specify how connections are to be pooled
• Metadata for parameters of a PreparedStatement object
• Ability to retrieve values from automatically generated columns
• Ability to have multiple ResultSet objects returned from CallableStatement objects open at the same time
• Ability to identify parameters to CallableStatement objects by name as well as by index
• ResultSet holdability -- ability to specify whether cursors should be held open or closed at the end of a transaction
• Ability to retrieve and update the SQL structured type instance that a Ref object references
• Ability to programmatically update BLOB, CLOB, ARRAY, and REF values.
• Addition of the java.sql.Types.DATALINK data type -- allows JDBC drivers access to objects stored outside a data source
• Addition of metadata for retrieving SQL type hierarchies

java.sql Features Introduced in the JDBC 2.1 Core API

• Scrollable result sets--using new methods in the ResultSet interface that allow the cursor to be moved to a particular row or to a position relative to its current position
• Batch updates
• Programmatic updates--using ResultSet updater methods
• New data types--interfaces mapping the SQL3 data types
• Custom mapping of user-defined types (UDTs)
• Miscellaneous features, including performance hints, the use of character streams, full precision for java.math.BigDecimal values, additional security, and support for time zones in date, time, and timestamp values.

javax.sql Features Introduced in the JDBC 2.0 Optional Package API

• The DataSource interface as a means of making a connection. The Java Naming and Directory Interface^TM (JNDI) is used for registering a DataSource object with a naming service and also for retrieving it.
• Pooled connections -- allowing connections to be used and reused
• Distributed transactions -- allowing a transaction to span diverse DBMS servers
• RowSet technology -- providing a convenient means of handling and passing data

Custom Mapping of UDTs

A user-defined type (UDT) defined in SQL can be mapped to a class in the Java programming language. An SQL structured type or an SQL DISTINCT type are the UDTs that may be custom mapped. The following three steps set up a custom mapping:

1. Defining the SQL structured type or DISTINCT type in SQL
2. Defining the class in the Java programming language to which the SQL UDT will be mapped. This class must implement the SQLData interface.
3. Making an entry in a Connection object's type map that contains two things:
   • the fully-qualified SQL name of the UDT
   • the Class object for the class that implements the SQLData interface

对UDT执行这些操作时，在该UDT上调用方法ResultSet.getObject或CallableStatement.getObject将自动为其检索自定义映射。 另外， PreparedStatement.setObject方法将自动将对象映射回其SQL类型以将其存储在数据源中。

Package Specification

• Specification of the JDBC 4.0 API

Related Documentation

• Getting Started--overviews of the major interfaces

• Chapters on the JDBC API--from the online version of The Java Tutorial Continued

• JDBC^TMAPI Tutorial and Reference, Third Edition-- a complete reference and tutorial for the JDBC 3.0 API

Interfaces

Array	Java编程语言中用于SQL类型 ARRAY 。
Blob	SQL BLOB值在Java TM编程语言中的表示形式（映射）。
CallableStatement	用于执行SQL存储过程的接口。
Clob	Java TM编程语言中用于SQL CLOB类型的映射。
Connection	与特定数据库的连接（会话）。
DatabaseMetaData	有关整个数据库的全面信息。
Driver	每个驱动程序类必须实现的接口。
NClob	Java TM编程语言中用于SQL NCLOB类型的映射。
ParameterMetaData	一个对象，可用于获取有关 PreparedStatement对象中每个参数标记的类型和属性的信息。
PreparedStatement	表示预编译的SQL语句的对象。
Ref	在SQL编程语言中映射SQL REF值，该值是对数据库中SQL结构化类型值的引用。
ResultSet	表示数据库结果集的数据表，通常通过执行查询数据库的语句生成。
ResultSetMetaData	一个对象，可用于获取有关 ResultSet对象中列的类型和属性的信息。
RowId	SQL ROWID值在Java编程语言中的表示（映射）。
Savepoint	保存点的表示，它是当前事务中的一个点，可以从 Connection.rollback方法中引用。
SQLData	用于将Java用户定义类型（UDT）自定义映射到Java编程语言中的类的接口。
SQLInput	包含表示SQL结构化类型或SQL不同类型的实例的值流的输入流。
SQLOutput	用于将用户定义类型的属性写回数据库的输出流。
SQLXML	JavaTM编程语言中针对SQL XML类型的映射。
Statement	用于执行静态SQL语句并返回其生成的结果的对象。
Struct	用于SQL结构化类型的Java编程语言中的标准映射。
Wrapper	JDBC类的接口，当有问题的实例实际上是一个代理类时，它提供了检索委托实例的能力。

Classes

Date	一个包含毫秒值的精简包装器，它允许JDBC将其标识为SQL DATE值。
DriverManager	管理一组JDBC驱动程序的基本服务。
DriverPropertyInfo	用于建立连接的驱动程序属性。
SQLPermission	旧版安全代码; 不使用。
Time	围绕java.util.Date类的薄包装，允许JDBC API将其标识为SQL TIME值。
Timestamp	一个围绕java.util.Date的薄包装，它允许JDBC API将其标识为SQL TIMESTAMP值。
Types	定义用于标识通用SQL类型的常量的类，称为JDBC类型。

Enums

ClientInfoStatus	列举了不能通过调用 Connection.setClientInfo来设置属性的原因的状态
RowIdLifetime	枚举RowId生命周期值。

Exceptions

BatchUpdateException	在批量更新操作期间发生错误时引发的子类 SQLException 。
DataTruncation	DataTruncation异常（写入时）引发的异常或 DataTruncation警告（读取时）引发的异常，因为数据值由于除MaxFieldSize MaxFieldSize原因而意外截断。
SQLClientInfoException	的子类 SQLException当一个或多个客户端信息属性不能在设置抛出 Connection 。
SQLDataException	在SQLState类的值为' 22 '时或在供应商指定的条件下引发的 SQLException的子类。
SQLException	提供有关数据库访问错误或其他错误信息的例外。
SQLFeatureNotSupportedException	SQLState类的值为' 0A '（值为'零'A）时引发的子类 SQLException 。
SQLIntegrityConstraintViolationException	SQLState类的值为' 23 '时或在供应商指定的条件下引发的子类 SQLException 。
SQLInvalidAuthorizationSpecException	SQLState类值为' 28 '时或在供应商指定的条件下引发的 SQLException的子类。
SQLNonTransientConnectionException	SQLException的子类为SQLState类值“ 08 ”或在供应商指定的条件下抛出。
SQLNonTransientException	SQLException的子类当同一操作的重试失败除非 SQLException的原因得到纠正的情况下抛出。
SQLRecoverableException	如果应用程序执行一些恢复步骤 SQLException试整个事务，或者在分布式事务（事务分支）的情况下，先前失败的操作可能成功的情况下引发的子类 SQLException 。
SQLSyntaxErrorException	SQLState类的值为' 42 '时或在供应商指定的条件下引发的子类 SQLException 。
SQLTimeoutException	当由Statement指定的超时已过期时引发的子类SQLException 。
SQLTransactionRollbackException	SQLState类值为' 40 '时或在供应商指定的条件下引发的子类 SQLException 。
SQLTransientConnectionException	SQLState类值为' 08 '的 SQLException的子类或供应商指定的条件下。
SQLTransientException	SQLException的子类在先前失败的操作可能能够成功执行的情况下抛出，如果重试操作而没有任何应用程序级功能的干预。
SQLWarning	提供有关数据库访问警告信息的例外。